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CONTENTS
Volume 48, Number 5, December10 2013
 


Abstract
A 3-node 3D co-rotational beam element using vectorial rotational variables is employed to consider the geometric nonlinearity in 3D space. To account for shape versatility and reinforced concrete cross-sections, fibre model has been derived and conducted. Numerical integration over the cross-section is performed, considering both normal and shear stresses. In addition, the derivations associated with material nonlinearity are given in terms of elasto-plastic incremental stress-strain relationship for both steel and concrete. Steel reinforcement is treated as elasto-plastic material with Von Mises yield criterion. Compressive concrete behaviour is described by Modified Kent and Park model, while tensile stiffening effect is taken into account as well. Through several numerical examples, it is shown that the proposed 3D co-rotational beam element with fibre model can be used to simulate steel and reinforced concrete framed structures with satisfactory accuracy and efficiency.

Key Words
3D co-rotational beam element; geometric nonlinearity; material nonlinearity; fibre model; steel structures; reinforced concrete structures

Address
Xu Long, Kang Hai Tan and Chi King Lee : School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore

Abstract
In this paper a study on prestressed concrete slab bridges is presented. A design philosophy based on the concept of load balancing through prestressing is proposed in order to minimize the effects of delayed deformations due to creep. Aspects related to the stress redistribution inside these bridges for timedependent phenomena are analyzed and discussed, by applying the principles of aging linear visco-elasticity. Prestressing is seen as an equivalent external load which counterbalances the permanent loads applied to the bridge, nullifying the elastic deflections due to sustained loads, and thus avoiding the related delayed deformations. An optimization of the structural behavior through the use of one-way prestressing is achieved. The determination of a convenient variable depth of slab bridges and the correspondent layout of tendons is considered as a useful means for applying the load balancing concept in actual cases of structures like long cantilevers or bridge decks. A case-study related to the slab bridges built 30 years ago at Jeddah in Saudi Arabia is presented and discussed, in order to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach to the conceptual design of prestressed concrete bridges.

Key Words
slab bridges; prestressing; flexural load balancing; variable cross section; creep; delayed deformations; funicular structures

Address
Marcello Arici and Michele Fabio Granata : Universita di Palermo, DICAM, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy

Abstract
Reinforced concrete structures are vulnerable to high temperature conditions such as those during a fire. At elevated temperatures, the mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcing steel as well as the bond between steel rebar and concrete may significantly deteriorate. The changes in the bonding behavior may influence the flexibility or the moment capacity of the reinforced concrete structures. The bond strength degradation is required for structural design of fire safety and structural repair after fire. However, the investigation of bonding between rebar and concrete at elevated temperatures is quite difficult in practice. In this study, bond constitutive relationships are developed for normal and high-strength concrete (NSC and HSC) subjected to fire, with the intention of providing efficient modeling and to specify the fireperformance criteria for concrete structures exposed to fire. They are developed for the following purposes at high temperatures: normal and high compressive strength with different type of aggregates, bond strength with different types of embedment length and cooling regimes, bond strength versus to compressive strength with different types of embedment length, and bond stress-slip curve. The proposed relationships at elevated temperature are compared with experimental results.

Key Words
constitutive relationships; concrete; high temperatures; compressive strength; bond strength; bond stress-slip

Address
Farhad Aslani and Bijan Samali : Centre for Built Infrastructure Research, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Abstract
In this work, the safety performance of a commercial motorcycle helmet already placed on the market is assessed. The assessed motorcycle helmet is currently homologated by several relevant motorcycle standards. Impacts including translational and rotational motions are accurately simulated through a finite element numerical framework. The developed model was validated against experimental results: firstly, a validation concerning the constitutive model for the expanded polystyrene, the material responsible for energy absorption during impact; secondly, a validation regarding the acceleration measured at the headform\'s centre of gravity during the linear impacts defined in the ECE R22.05 standard. Both were successfully validated. After model validation, an oblique impact was simulated and the results were compared against head injury thresholds in order to predict the resultant head injuries. From this comparison, it was concluded that brain injuries such as concussion and diffuse axonal injury may occur even with a helmet certified by the majority of the motorcycle helmet standards. Unfortunately, these standards currently do not contemplate rotational components of acceleration. Conclusion points out to a strong recommendation on the necessity of including rotational motion in forthcoming motorcycle helmet standards and improving the current test procedures and head injury criteria used by the standards, to improve the safety between the motorcyclists.

Key Words
biomechanics, finite element method, head injury, motorcycle helmet, oblique impact

Address
Fabio A.O. Fernandes and R.J. Alves de Sousa : TEMA Centre for Mechanical Technology and Automation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

Abstract
Performance-based seismic design allows a structure to develop inelastic response during earthquakes. This modern seismic design requires more clearly defined levels of inelastic response. The ultimate deformation of a structure without total collapse (target displacement) is used to obtain the inelastic deformation capacity (inelastic performance). The inelastic performance of a structure indicates its performance under excitation. In this study, a new energy-based method to obtain the target displacement for reinforced concrete frames under cyclic loading is proposed. Concrete structures were analyzed using nonlinear static (pushover) analysis and cyclic loading. Failure of structures under cyclic loading was controlled and the new method was tested to obtain target displacement. In this method, the capacity energy absorption of the structures for both pushover and cyclic analyses were considered to be equal. The results were compared with FEMA-356, which confirmed the accuracy of the proposed method.

Key Words
target displacement; reinforced concrete frame; pushover; cyclic loading; FEMA-356; energy based procedure

Address
A. Massumi and B. Monavari : Department of Civil Engineering, Kharazmi University, No. 49, Dr. Mofatteh Ave., Tehran 15719-14911, Iran

Abstract
A simulation method called modified differential transform is studied to solve the free vibration problems of uniform Euler-Bernoulli beam. First of all, the modified differential transform method is derived. Secondly, the modified differential transformation is applied to uniform Euler-Bernoulli beam freefree vibration. And then a set of differential equations are established. Through algebraic operations on these equations, we can get any natural frequency and normalized mode shape. Thirdly, the FEM is applied to obtain the numerical solutions. Finally, mode experimental method (MEM) is conducted to obtain experimental data for analysis by signal processing with LMS Test.lab Vibration testing and analysis system. Experimental data and simulation results are illustrated to be in comparison with the analytical solutions. The results show that the modified differential transform method can achieve good results in predicting the solution of such problems.

Key Words
modified differential transform method; mode experimental method; uniform Euler–Bernoulli beam; FEM; free vibration

Address
Zhifeng Liu, Yunyao Yin, Feng Wang, Yongsheng Zhao and Ligang Cai : College of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Electronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China

Abstract
In this paper new implicit time integration called N-IHOA is presented for dynamic analysis of high damping systems. Here, current displacement and velocity are assumed to be functions of the velocities and accelerations of several previous time steps, respectively. This definition causes that only one set of weighted factors is calculated from the Taylor series expansion which leads to a simple approach and reduce the computational efforts. Moreover a comprehensive study on stability of the proposed method i.e., NIHOA compared with IHOA integration which is performed based on amplification matrices proves the ability of the N-IHOA in high damping vibrations such as control systems. Also, wide range of numerical examples which contains single/multi degrees of freedom, damped/un-damped, free/forced vibrations from finite element/finite difference demonstrate that the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed time integration is more than the common approaches such as the IHOA, the Wilson-O and the Newmark-B.

Key Words
numerical dynamic analysis; higher order time integration

Address
Javad Alamatian : Civil Engineering Department, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract
This paper aims to develop a practical approach to modeling of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) strengthened masonry panels. The main objective is to provide suitable relations for the material characterization of the masonry constituents so that the finite element applications of elasto-plastic theory achieves a close fit to the experimental load-displacement diagrams of the walls subjected to in-plane shear and compression. Two relations proposed for masonry columns confined with FRP are adjusted for the cohesion and the internal friction angle of both units and mortar. Relating the mechanical parameters to the uniaxial compression strength and the hydrostatic pressure acting over the wall surface, the effects of major and intermediate principal stresses o1 and o2 on the yielding and the shape of the deviatoric section are then reflected into the analyses. Performing nonlinear finite element analyses (NLFEA) for the three walls tested in two different studies, their stress-strain response and failure modes are eventually evaluated through the comparisons with the experimental behavior.

Key Words
masonry wall; fiber reinforced polymer; cohesion; internal friction; elasto-plastic analysis; finite element

Address
H. Orhun Koksal, Selen Aktan : Department of Civil Engineering, Canakkale 18 Mart University, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey
Oktay Jafarov : Khazar University, Neftchilar Campus, AZ1096 Baku, Azerbaijan
Bilge Doran : Department of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Esenler, İstanbul, Turkey
Cengiz Karakoc : Department of Civil Engineering, Boğazici University, 34342 Bebek, İstanbul, Turkey


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