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CONTENTS
Volume 25, Number 2, August 2017
 


Abstract
Local transient extreme wind loads caused by group tower-related interference are among the major reasons that lead to wind-induced damage of super-large cooling towers. Four-tower arrangements are the most commonly seen patterns for super-large cooling towers. We considered five typical four-tower arrangements in engineering practice, namely, single row, rectangular, rhombic, L-shaped, and oblique L-shaped. Wind tunnel tests for rigid body were performed to determine the influence of different arrangements on static and dynamic wind loads and extreme interference effect. The most unfavorable working conditions (i.e., the largest overall wind loads) were determined based on the overall aerodynamic coefficient under different four-tower arrangements. Then we calculated the one-, two- and three-dimensional aerodynamic loads under different four-tower arrangements. Statistical analyses were performed on the wind pressure signals in the amplitude and time domains under the most unfavorable working conditions. On this basis, the non-Gaussian distribution characteristics of aerodynamic loads on the surface of the cooling towers under different four-tower arrangements were analyzed. We applied the Sadek-Simiu procedure to the calculation of two- and three-dimensional aerodynamic loads in the cooling towers under the four-tower arrangements, and the extreme wind load distribution patterns under the most unfavorable working conditions in each arrangement were compared. Finally, we proposed a uniform equation for fitting the extreme wind loads under the four-tower arrangements; the accuracy and reliability of the equation were verified. Our research findings will contribute to the optimization of the four-tower arrangements and the determination of extreme wind loads of super-large cooling towers.

Key Words
four-tower arrangement; super-large cooling tower; wind tunnel test; non-Gaussian distribution; multi-dimensional extreme wind load; interference effect

Address
Shitang Ke and Hao Wang: Department of Civil Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Yudao Road 29, Nanjing 210016, China;
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hi-Tech Research for Wind Turbine Design, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
Yaojun Ge: State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China



Abstract
This paper deals with the dynamic stability of embedded functionally graded (FG)-carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-reinforced micro cylindrical shells. The structure is subjected to harmonic non-uniform temperature distribution and 2D magnetic field. The CNT reinforcement is either uniformly distributed or FG along the thickness direction where the effective properties of nano-composite structure are estimated through Mixture low. The viscoelastic properties of structure are captured based on the Kelvin–Voigt theory. The surrounding viscoelastic medium is considered nonhomogeneous with the spring, orthotropic shear and damper constants. The material properties of cylindrical shell and the viscoelastic medium constants are assumed temperature-dependent. The first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) or Mindlin theory in conjunction with Hamilton\'s principle is utilized for deriving the motion equations where the size effects are considered based on Eringen\'s nonlocal theory. Based on differential quadrature (DQ) and Bolotin methods, the dynamic instability region (DIR) of structure is obtained for different boundary conditions. The effects of different parameters such as volume percent and distribution type of CNTs, mode number, viscoelastic medium type, temperature, boundary conditions, magnetic field, nonlocal parameter and structural damping constant are shown on the DIR of system. Numerical results indicate that the FGX distribution of CNTs is better than other considered cases. In addition, considering structural damping of system reduces the resonance frequency.

Key Words
dynamic stability; FG-CNT-reinforced visco-cylindrical shell; DQ and Bolotin methods; harmonic temperature distribution; 2D magnetic field

Address
H. Tohidi, A. Maghsoudpourand S. Etemadi: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
S.H. Hosseini-Hashemi: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;
School of mechanical Engineering Iran university of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16842-13114 Tehran, Iran


Abstract
2-edge box girder bridges have been widely used in civil engineering practice. However, these bridges show weakness in aerodynamic stability. To overcome this weakness, additional attachments, such as fairing and flap, are usually used. These additional attachments can increase the cost and decrease the constructability. Some previous researchers suggested an aerodynamically stabilized 2-edge box girder section, giving a slope to the edge box instead of installing additional attachments. However, their studies are limited to only dynamic stability, even though static aerodynamic coefficients are as important as dynamic stability. In this study, focus was given to the evaluation of static aerodynamic response for a stabilized 2-edge box girder section. For this, the slopes of the edge box were varied from 0 to 17 and static coefficients were obtained through a series of wind tunnel tests. The results were then compared with those from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. From the results, it was found that the drag coefficients generally decreased with the increasing box slope angle, except for the specific box slope range. This range of box slope varied depending on the B/H ratio, and this should be avoided for the practical design of such a bridge, since it results in poor static aerodynamic response.

Key Words
static aerodynamic response; 2-edge box-girder bridge; wind tunnel test; CFD analysis

Address
Hoyeop Lee, Nakhyun Chun and Hak-eun Lee: School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
Jiho Moon: Department of Civil Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, South Korea



Abstract
The accelerated development of new materials, technologies and construction processes, in parallel with advances in computational algorithms and ever growing computational power, is leading to more daring and innovative architectural and structural designs. The search for non-regular building shapes and slender structures, as alternative to the traditional architectural forms that have been prevailing in the building sector, poses important engineering challenges in the assessment of the strength and mechanical stability of non-conventional structures and systems, namely against highly variable actions as wind and seismic forces. In case of complex structures, laboratory experiments are a widely used methodology for strength assessment and loading characterization. Nevertheless, powerful numerical tools providing reliable results are also available today and able to compete with the experimental approach. In this paper the wind action on a free-form complex thin shell is investigated through 3D-CFD simulation in terms of the pressure coefficients and global forces generated. All the modelling aspects and calibrating process are described. The results obtained showed that the CFD technique is effective in the study of the wind effects on complex-shaped structures.

Key Words
free-form shell; wind load; pressure coefficients; global forces; CFD simulation

Address
A. Moret Rodrigues, Ana Tomé and M. Glória Gomes: CEris, ICIST, Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Georesources, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal

Abstract
Full-scale wind characteristics based on the field measurements is an essential element in structural wind engineering. Statistical analysis of the wind characteristics at Sutong Cable-stayed Bridge (SCB) site is conducted in this study with the recorded long-term wind data from structural health monitoring system (SHMS) between 2008 and 2015. Both the mean and turbulent wind characteristics and power spectra are comprehensively investigated and compared with those in the current codes of practice, such as the measured wind rose diagram, monthly maximum mean wind speed, turbulence intensity, integral length scale. Measurement results based on the monitoring data show that winds surrounding the SCB site are substantially influenced by the southeast monsoon in summer and strong northern wind in winter. The measured turbulence intensity is slightly higher than the recommended values in specifications, while the measured ratio of lateral to longitudinal turbulence intensity is slightly lower. An approximately linear relationship between the measured turbulence intensities and gust factors is obtained. The mean value of the turbulence integral length scale is smaller than that of typical typhoon events. In addition, it is found that the Kaimal spectrum is suitable to be adopted as the power spectrum for longitudinal wind component at the SCB site. This contribution would provide important wind characteristic references for the wind performance evaluation of SCB and other civil infrastructures in adjacent regions.

Key Words
wind characteristics; turbulence; long-term monitoring; Sutong Bridge; structural health monitoring system

Address
Xu Zidong, Wang Hao, Tao Tianyou and Mao Jianxiao: Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structure of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Wu Teng: Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA




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