Abstract
The mechanical properties of timber construction have drawn more attention after the 2013 Lushan earthquake. A strong desire to preserve this ancient architectural styles has sprung up in recent years, especially for residential buildings of the mountainous areas. In the column-and-tie timber construction, continuous-tenon joints are the most common structural form to connect the chuanfang (similar to the beam in conventional structures) and the column. To study the cyclic performance of the continuous-tenon joints in column-and-tie timber construction, the reversed lateral cyclic loading tests were carried out on three 3/4 scale specimens with different section heights of the chuanfang. The mechanical behavior was assessed by studying the ultimate bending capacity, deformation ductility and energy dissipation capacity. Test results showed that the slippage of chuanfang occurred when the specimens entered the plastic stage, and the slippage degree increased with the increase of the section height of chuanfang. An obvious plastic deformation of the chuanfang occurred due to the mutual squeezing between the column and chuanfang. A significant pinching was observed on the bending moment-rotation curves, and it was more pronounced as the section height of chuanfang increased. The further numerical investigations showed that the flexural capacity and initial stiffness of the continuous-tenon joints increased with the increase of friction coefficient between the chuanfang and the column, and a more obvious increasing of bending moment occurred after the material yielding. The compressive strength perpendicular to grain of the material played a more significant role in the ultimate bending capacity of continuous-tenon joints than the compressive strength parallel to grain.
Key Words
column-and-tie timber construction; continuous-tenon joints; cyclic performance; parametric investigation; energy dissipation capability
Address
1School of Civil Engineering, Xi\'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi\'an 710055, China
2Key Lab of Structural Engineering and Earthquake Resistance, Ministry of Education (XAUAT), Xi\'an 710055, China
3Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6110011, Japan
Abstract
A novel family of controllable, dissipative structure-dependent integration methods is derived from an eigen-based theory, where the concept of the eigenmode can give a solid theoretical basis for the feasibility of this type of integration methods. In fact, the concepts of eigen-decomposition and modal superposition are involved in solving a multiple degree of freedom system. The total solution of a coupled equation of motion consists of each modal solution of the uncoupled equation of motion. Hence, an eigen-dependent integration method is proposed to solve each modal equation of motion and an approximate solution can be yielded via modal superposition with only the first few modes of interest for inertial problems. All the eigen-dependent integration methods combine to form a structure-dependent integration method. Some key assumptions and new techniques are combined to successfully develop this family of integration methods. In addition, this family of integration methods can be either explicitly or implicitly implemented. Except for stability property, both explicit and implicit implementations have almost the same numerical properties. An explicit implementation is more computationally efficient than for an implicit implementation since it can combine unconditional stability and explicit formulation simultaneously. As a result, an explicit implementation is preferred over an implicit implementation. This family of integration methods can have the same numerical properties as those of the WBZ-α method for linear elastic systems. Besides, its stability and accuracy performance for solving nonlinear systems is also almost the same as those of the WBZ-α method. It is evident from numerical experiments that an explicit implementation of this family of integration methods can save many computational efforts when compared to conventional implicit methods, such as the WBZ-α method.
Key Words
an eigen-based theory, unconditional stability, numerical damping, accuracy, structure-dependent coefficient
Address
Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology,
1, Section 3, Jungshiau East Road, Taipei 106-08, Republic of China
Abstract
In the present study, the fracture toughness of U-shaped notches made of aluminum alloy Al7075-T6 under combined tension/out-of-plane shear loading conditions (mixed mode I/III) is studied by theoretical and experimental methods. In the experimental part, U-notched test samples are loaded using a previously developed fixture under mixed mode I/III loading and their load-carrying capacity (LCC) is measured. Then, due to the presence of considerable plasticity in the notch vicinity at crack initiation instance, using the Equivalent Material Concept (EMC) and with the help of the point stress (PS) and mean stress (MS) brittle failure criteria, the LCC of the tested samples is predicted theoretically. The EMC equates a ductile material with a virtual brittle material in order to avoid performing elastic-plastic analysis. Because of the very good match between the EMC-PS and EMC-MS combined criteria with the experimental results, the use of the combination of the criteria with EMC is recommended for designing U-notched aluminum plates in engineering structures. Meanwhile, because of nearly the same accuracy of the two criteria and the simplicity of the PS criterion relations, the use of EMC-PS failure model in design of notched Al7075-T6 components is superior to the EMC-MS criterion.
Key Words
fracture toughness; U-shaped notch; ductile failure; Equivalent Material Concept; mixed mode I/III loading
Address
A. R. Torabi: Fracture Research Laboratory, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, P.O. Box 14395-1561, Tehran, Iran
Behnam Saboori: Fatigue and Fracture Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, 16846 Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Permeation grouting is of great significance for consolidating geo-materials without disturbing the original geo-structure. To dip into the filtration-induced pressure increment that dominates the grout penetration in permeation grouting, nonlinear filtration coefficients embedded in a convection-filtration model were proposed, in which the volume of cement particles in grout and the deposited particles of skeleton were considered. An experiment was designed to determine the filtration coefficients and verify the model. The filtration coefficients deduced from experimental data were used in simulation, and the modelling results matched well with the experimental ones. The pressure drop revealed in experiments and captured in modelling demonstrated that the surge of inflow pressure lagged behind the stoppage of flow channels. In addition, both the consideration of the particles loss in liquid grout and the number of filtrated particles on pore walls presented an ideal trend in filtration rate, in which the filtration rate first rose rapidly and then reached to a steady plateau. Finally, this observed pressure drop was extended to the grouting design which alters the water to cement (W/C) ratio so as to alleviate the filtration effect. This study offers a novel insight into the filtration behaviour and has a practical meaning to extend penetration distance
Key Words
filtration rate; pressure evolution; cement grout; penetration distance; water to cement ratio
Address
Zilong Zhou, Haizhi Zang, Xin Cai: School of Resources and Safety Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
Haizhi Zang, Shanyong Wang: Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, ARC Centre of Excellence for Geotechnical Science and Engineering, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan 2308, Australia
Xueming Du: College of Water Conservancy and Environmental Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People's Republic of China
Abstract
Detecting the damage of indeterminate trusses is of major importance in the literature. This paper proposes a quick approach in this regard, utilizing a precise mathematical approach based on Finite Element Method. Different to a general two-step method defined in the literature essentially based on optimization approach, this method consists of three steps including Damage-Suspected Element Identification step, Imminent Damaged Element Identification step, and finally, Damage Severity Detection step and does not need any optimizing algorithm. The first step focuses on the identification of damage-suspected elements using an index based on modal residual force vector. In the second step, imminent damage elements are identified among the damage-suspected elements detected in the previous step using a specific technique. Ultimately, in the third step, a novel relation is derived to calculate the damage severity of each imminent damaged element. To show the efficiency and quick function of the proposed method, three examples including a 25-bar planar truss, a 31-bar planar truss, and a 52-bar space truss are studied; results of which indicate that the method is innovatively capable of suitably detecting, for indeterminate trusses, not only damaged elements but also their individual damage severity by carrying out solely one analysis.
Key Words
damage detection; indeterminate trusses; Finite Element Method; residual force vector-based index
Address
Arash Naderi, Mohammad Reza Sohrabi, Mohammad Reza Ghasemi: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
Babak Dizangian: Department of Civil Engineering, Velayat University, Iranshahr, Iran
Abstract
In this study, the flexural behaviors of full-scale prestressed concrete box girders are experimentally investigated. Four girders were fabricated using two types of concrete (compressive strengths: 50 MPa and 70 MPa) and tested under four-point bending until failure. The measured parameters included the deflection, the stress and strain in concrete and steel bars, and cracks in concrete. The measurement results were used to analyze the failure mode, load-bearing capacity, and deformability of each girder. A finite element model is established to simulate the flexural behaviors of the girders. The results show that the use of high-performance concrete and reasonable combination of prestressed tendons could improve the mechanical performance of the box girders, in terms of the crack resistance, load-carrying capacity, stress distribution, and ductility.
Key Words
box girder; flexural behavior; full-scale failure test; finite element analysis; high performance concrete
Address
Hongye Gou: 1 Department of Bridge Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
2 Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Qianhui Pu: 1Department of Bridge Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Jie Gu: Graduate School of Tangshan, Southwest Jiaotong University, Tangshan, Hebei 063000, China
Yi Bao: Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Abstract
A numerical study is carried out to assess the dynamic response and damage level of one- and two-way reinforced concrete (RC) panels subjected to explosive loads by using finite element LS-DYNA software. The precision of the numerical models is validated with the previous experimental test. The calibrated models are used to conduct a series of parametric studies to evaluate the effects of panel wall dimensions, concrete strength, and steel reinforcement ratio on the blast-resistant capacity of the panel under various magnitudes of blast load. The results are used to develop pressure-impulse (P-I) diagrams corresponding to the damage levels defined according to UFC-3-340-02 manual. Empirical equations are proposed to easily construct the P-I diagrams of RC panels that can be efficiently used to assess its safety level against blast loads.
Address
Mohamed H. Mussa, Azrul A. Mutalib: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohamed H. Mussa: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, 56001Karbala, Iraq,
Hong Hao: Centre for Infrastructural Monitoring and Protection, School of Civil and Mechanical Engineering,
Curtin University, Kent Street, WA 6102, Australia
Abstract
A laboratory experiment is conducted is to investigate the behaviour of a low-mass-ratio and high aspect ratio flexible cylinder under vortex-induced vibration (VIV). A flexible cylinder with aspect ratio of 100 and mass ratio of 1.17 is towed horizontally to generate uniform flow profile. The range of Reynolds number is from 1380 to 13800. Vibration amplitude, in-line and cross-flow frequency response, amplitude trajectory, mean tension variation and hydrodynamic force coefficients are analyzed based on the measurement from strain gauges, load cell and CCD camera. Experimental results indicate that broad-banded lock-in region is found for the cylinder with a small Strouhal number. The frequency switches in the present study indicates the change of the VIV phenomenon. The hydrodynamic force responses provide more understanding on the VIV of a low mass ratio cylinder.
Key Words
vortex-induced vibration; low mass ratio; high aspect ratio; flexible cylinder
Address
Lee Kee Quen, Aminudin Abu, Pauziah Muhamad: Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 54100 Malaysia
Naomi Kato: Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
Kang Hooi Siang: 1) School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
2) Marine Technology Center, Institute for Vehicle System and Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Lim Meng Hee: Institute of Noise and Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mohd Asamudin A Rahman: School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
Abstract
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are known as intelligent methods for modeling the behavior of physical phenomena because of it is a soft computing technique and takes data samples rather than entire data sets to arrive at solutions, which saves both time and money. ANN is successfully used in the civil engineering applications which are suitable examining the complicated relations between variables. Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are advanced composites that successfully used in various engineering design. The FGMs are nonhomogeneous materials and made of two different type of materials. In the present study, the bending analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) beams presents on theoretical based on combination of mixed-finite element method, Gâteaux differential and Timoshenko beam theory. The main idea in this study is to build a model using ANN with four parameters that are: Young's modulus ratio (Et/Eb), a shear correction factor (ks), power-law exponent (n) and length to thickness ratio (L/h). The output data is the maximum displacement (w). In the experiments: 252 different data are used. The proposed ANN model is evaluated by the correlation of the coefficient (R), MAE and MSE statistical methods. The ANN model is very good and the maximum displacement can be predicted in ANN without attempting any experiments.
Key Words
functionally graded material beam; artificial neural networks; mixed finite element method; displacement data
Address
Emrah Madenci: Department of Civil Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42140 Konya, Turkey
Şaban Gülcü: Department of Computer Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42140 Konya, Turkey
