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CONTENTS
Volume 56, Number 2, October25 2015
 


Abstract
The impact behavior of epoxy-based nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nano tube (CNT), carbon nano fiber (CNF) and mixed contents of these nanoparticles was investigated using Izod impact test. The results showed that while the impact strength of nanocomposites containing 1 wt% of CNT and 1 wt% of CNF increased 19% and 13% respectively, addition of mixed contents of these nanofillers (0.5-0.5 wt%) demonstrated higher improvement (21%) in the impact resistance. The trend of the results is explained on the basis of different fracture mechanisms of nanocomposites. Furthermore, the fracture surface of specimens and the dispersion state of nanoenhancers have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photographs.

Key Words
nano-structures; resins; impact behavior; mechanical testing

Address
M.R. Ayatollahi, A.R. Naeemi and E. Alishahi: Fatigue and Fracture Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
There are two types of nonlinear analysis methods for building frameworks depending on the method of modeling the plastification of members including lumped plasticity and distributed plasticity. The lumped plasticity method assumes that plasticity is concentrated at a zero-length plastic hinge section at the ends of the elements. The distributed plasticity method discretizes the structural members into many line segments, and further subdivides the cross-section of each segment into a number of finite elements. When a reinforced concrete member experiences inelastic deformations, cracks tend to spread form the joint interface resulting in a curvature distribution. The program IDARC includes a spread plasticity formulation to capture the variation of the section flexibility, and combine them to determine the element stiffness matrix. In this formulation, the flexibility distribution in the structural elements is assumed to be the linear. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of linear flexibility distribution assumed in the spread inelasticity model. For this purpose, nonlinear analysis of two reinforced concrete frames is carried out and the linear flexibility models used in the elements are compared with the real ones. It is shown that the linear flexibility distribution is incorrect assumption in cases of significant gravity load effects and can be lead to incorrect nonlinear responses in some situations.

Key Words
lumped plasticity; distributed plasticity; reinforced concrete; flexibility distribution; gravity load effects

Address
Mehdi Izadpanaha and AliReza Habibi: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

Abstract
The topic of this study is to investigate behaviors of masonry walls strengthened with reinforced fiber plaster under diagonal tensile loads. Full blend brick 100x50x30 mm in dimensions were used to make masonry walls with dimensions of 400x400x100 mm. Three different samples were manufactured by plastering masonry walls with traditional style, with 3% polypropylene or with 5% steel fiber. All the samples were tested using ASTM 1391- 81 standards. The propagation of damage on samples caused by diagonal tensile load was observed and load-displacement graphs were plotted for each sample. A finite element software (ABAQUS) was used to obtain numerical values for all samples and crack patterns and load-displacement responses were obtained. Experimental and numerical results were compared.

Key Words
composite materials; masonry walls; polypropylene and steel fiber; reinforced plaster mortar; finite element method

Address
Hakan Basaran, Ali Demira, Muhiddin Bagci and Sefa Ergun: Department of Civil Engineering, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey

Abstract
The fatigue damage problems are frequently encountered in the design of civil engineering structures. A realistic and accurate fatigue life prediction is quite essential to ensure the safety of engineering design. However, constructing a reliable fatigue life prediction model can be quite challenging. The use of traditional deterministic approach in predicting the fatigue life is sometimes too dangerous in the real practical designs as the method itself contains a wide range of uncertain factors. In this paper, a new fatigue life prediction method is going to be proposed where the residual strength is been utilized. Several cumulative damage models, capable of predicting the fatigue life of a structural element, are considered. Based on Miner\'s rule, a randomized approach is developed from a deterministic equation. The residual strength is used in a one to one transformation methodology which is used for the derivation of the fatigue life. To arrive at more robust results, fuzzy sets are introduced to model the parameter uncertainties. This leads to a convoluted fuzzy based fatigue life prediction model. The developed model is illustrated in an example analysis. The calculated results are compared with real experimental data. The applicability of this approach for a required reliability level is also discussed.

Key Words
fatigue life; residual strength; fuzzy model; reliability

Address
Yi Zhang: School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Abstract
In this work, a nonlocal quasi-3D trigonometric plate theory for micro/nanoscale plates is proposed. In order to introduce the size influences, the Eringen\'s nonlocal elasticity theory is utilized. In addition, the theory considers both shear deformation and thickness stretching effects by a trigonometric variation of all displacements within the thickness, and respects the stress-free boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate without considering the shear correction factor. The advantage of this theory is that, in addition to considering the small scale and thickness stretching effects (ez=x0), the displacement field is modelled with only 5 unknowns as the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Analytical solutions for vibration of simply supported micro/nanoscale plates are illustrated, and the computed results are compared with the available solutions in the literature and finite element model using ABAQUS software package. The influences of the nonlocal parameter, shear deformation and thickness stretching on the vibration behaviors of the micro/nanoscale plates are examined.

Key Words
trigonometric shear deformation theory; nanoplates; nonlocal elasticity theory; navier solution; stretching effect; vibration

Address
Aicha Bessaim and Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari: Laboratoire des Structures et Materiaux Avances dans le Genie Civil et Travaux Publics, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculte de Technologie, Departement de genie civil, Algeria; Departement de genie civil, Faculte des Sciences et Technologie, Universite de Mascara, Route de Mamounia 29000 Mascara, Algerie
Fabrice Bernard: Universite Europeenne de Bretagne, INSA Rennes, LGCGM, 20 avenue des Buttes de coesmes 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
Abdelouahed Tounsi: Laboratoire des Structures et Materiaux Avances dans le Genie Civil et Travaux Publics, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculte de Technologie, Departement de genie civil, Algeria; Laboratoire des Materiaux et Hydrologie, Faculte de Technologie, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; Laboratoire de Modelisation et Simulation Multi-echelle, Departement de Physique, Faculte des Sciences Exactes, Departement de Physique, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria

Abstract
Channel girder bridges that consist of a deck slab and two side beams are good choices for railway bridges and urban rail transit bridges when the vertical clearance beneath the bridge is restricted. In this study, the behavior of simply supported channel girder bridges was theoretical studied based on the theory of elasticity. The accuracy of the theoretical solutions was verified by the finite element analysis. The global bending of the channel girder and the local bending of the deck slab are two contributors to the deformations and stresses of the channel girder. Because of the shear lag effect, the maximum deflection due to the global bending could be amplified by 1.0 to 1.2 times, and the effective width of the deck slab for determining the global bending stresses can be as small as 0.7 of the actual width depending on the width-tospan ratio of the channel girder. The maximum deflection and transversal stress due to the local bending are obtained at the girder ends. For the channel girders with open section side beams, the side beam twist has a negligible effect on the deflections and stresses of the channel girder. Simplified equations were also developed for calculating the maximum deformations and stresses.

Key Words
channel girder bridge; theoretical analysis; global bending; local bending; design equations

Address
Hong-Song Hu: Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Jian-Guo Nie: Department of Civil Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Yu-Hang Wang: School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China

Abstract
Numerical value of correlation between effective parameters in the strength of a structure is as important as its stochastic properties in determining the safety of the structure. In this article investigation is made about the variation of coefficient of correlation between effective parameters in corrosion initiation time of reinforcement and the time of concrete cover cracking in reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Presence of many parameters and also error in measurement of these parameters results in uncertainty in determination of corrosion initiation and the time to crack initiation. In this paper, assuming diffusion process as chloride ingress mechanism in RC structures and considering random properties of effective parameters in this model, correlation between input parameters and predicted time to corrosion is calculated using the Monte Carlo (MC) random sampling. Results show the linear correlation between corrosion initiation time and effective input parameters increases with increasing uncertainty in the input parameters. Diffusion coefficient, concrete cover, surface chloride concentration and threshold chloride concentration have the highest correlation coefficient respectively. Also the uncertainty in the concrete cover has the greatest impact on the coefficient of correlation of corrosion initiation time and the time of crack initiation due to the corrosion phenomenon

Key Words
corrosion initiation time; time to cracking; correlation coefficient; lifetime; structural safety

Address
Seyed Abbas Hosseini and Naser Shabakhty: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
Seyed Saeed Mahini: Discipline of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia

Abstract
Adherence between reinforcement and the surrounding concrete is usually ignored in finite element analysis (FEA) of reinforced concrete (RC) members. However, load transition between the reinforcement and surrounding concrete effects RC members\' behavior a great deal. In this study, the effects of bond-slip on the FEA of RC members are examined. In the analyses, three types of bond-slip modeling methods (perfect bond, contact elements and spring elements) and three types of reinforcement modeling methods (smeared, one dimensional line and three dimensional solid elements) were used. Bond-slip behavior between the reinforcement and surrounding concrete was simulated with cohesive zone materials (CZM) for the first time. The bond-slip relationship was identified experimentally using a beam bending test as suggested by RILEM. The results obtained from FEA were compared with the results of four RC beams that were tested experimentally. Results showed that, in FE analyses, because of the perfect bond occurrence between the reinforcement and surrounding concrete, unrealistic strains occurred in the longitudinal reinforcement. This situation greatly affected the load deflection relationship because the longitudinal reinforcements dominated the failure mode. In addition to the spring elements, the combination of a bonded contact option with CZM also gave closer results to the experimental models. However, modeling of the bond-slip relationship with a contact element was quite difficult and time consuming. Therefore bond-slip modeling is more suitable with spring elements.

Key Words
stress transfer; bond-slip; finite element analysis; reinforced concrete beam; ANSYS

Address
Serhat Demir and Metin Husem: Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080, Trabzon, Turkey

Abstract
While most of researches on system identification of building structures are aimed at finding modal parameters first and identifying the corresponding physical parameters by using the transformation in terms of transfer functions and cross spectra, etc., direct physical parameter system identification methods have been proposed recently. Due to the problem of signal/noise (SN) ratios, the previous methods are restricted mostly to earthquake records or forced vibration data. In this paper, a theoretical investigation is performed on the influence of wind disturbances on stiffness identification of building structures using micro-tremor at limited floors. It is concluded that the influence of wind disturbances on stiffness identification of building structures using micro-tremor at limited floors is restricted in case of using time-series data for low-rise buildings and does not cause serious problems.

Key Words
system identification; micro-tremor; wind disturbance; physical parameter; limited observation

Address
Ryuji Koyama, Kohei Fujita and Izuru Takewaki: Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan

Abstract
Design codes have specified the minimum shear reinforcement requirement for reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed concrete (PSC) members to prevent brittle and premature shear failure. They are, however, very different from one another, and particularly, ACI318 code allows the required minimum shear reinforcement to be reduced in PSC members, compared to that in RC members, by specifying the additional equation for PSC members whose basis is not clear. In this paper, the minimum shear reinforcement ratio for PSC members was proposed, which can provide a sufficient reserved shear strength and deformation capacity. The proposed equation was also verified by the test results of PSC specimens lightly reinforced in shear, comparing to design codes and other proposed equations from previous studies.

Key Words
prestressed concrete, minimum shear reinforcement, cracking angle, shear cracking, reserved shear strength, reserved shear deformation

Address
Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 5 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-804, Republic of Korea


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