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CONTENTS
Volume 30, Number 5, March10 2019
 


Abstract
Profiled composite slab has been widely used in civil engineering due to its structural merits. The extension of this concept to the bearing wall forms the profiled composite wall, which consists of two external profiled steel plates and infill concrete. This paper investigates the structural behavior of this type of wall under axial compression. A series of compression tests on profiled composite walls consisting of varied types of profiled steel plate and edge confinement have been carried out. The test results are evaluated in terms of failure modes, load-axial displacement curves, strength index, ductility ratio, and load-strain response. It is found that the type of profiled steel plate has influence on the axial capacity and strength index, while edge confinement affects the failure mode and ductility. The test data are compared with the predictions by modern codes such as AISC 360, BS EN 1994-1-1, and CECS 159. It shows that BS EN 1994-1-1 and CECS 159 significantly overestimate the actual compressive capacity of profiled composite walls, while AISC 360 offers reasonable predictions. A method is then proposed, which takes into account the local buckling of profiled steel plates and the reduction in the concrete resistance due to profiling. The predictions show good correlation with the test results.

Key Words
axial load; composite wall; steel-concrete-steel; capacity; failure mode

Address
Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.


Abstract
This paper presents the results of axial compression testing and numerical modeling on reinforced concrete columns (RCC) with normal concrete (NC) and high-strength concrete (HSC), RCC confined by glass-fiber reinforced plastic pipes (GRP) casing as well as carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), The major parameters evaluated in the experiments were the effects of concrete type, GRP casing and CFRP wrapping, as well as the number of CFRP layers. 12 cylindrical RCC (150×600 mm) were prepared and divided into two groups, NC and HSC. Each group was divided into two parts; with and without GRP casing. In each part, one column was without CFRP strengthening layer, a column was wrapped with one CFRP layer and another column with two CFRP layers. All columns were tested under concentrated compression load. Numerical modeling was performed using ABAQUS software and the results of which were compared with experimental findings. A good agreement was found between the results. Results indicated that the utilization of CFRP wrapping and GRP casing improved compression capacity and ductility of RCC. The addition of one and two layer-FRP wrapping increased capacity in the NC group to an average of 18.5% and 26.5% and in the HSC group to an average of 10.2% and 24.8%. Meanwhile, the utilization of GRP casing increased the capacity of the columns by 3 times in the NC group and 2.38 times in the HSC group. The results indicated that although both CFRP wrapping and GRP casing increased confinement, the GRP casing gave more increase capacity and ductility of the RCC due to higher confinement. Furthermore, the confinement effect was higher on NC group.

Key Words
Reinforced Concrete Columns (RCC); GRP casing; CFRP wrapping; High Strength Concrete (HSC); axial force; ductility; numerical modeling

Address
(1) Fathollah Sajedi:
Department of Civil Engineering, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran;
(2) Mahdi Shariati:
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract
The aim of this research is reinforcing of concrete with variety of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) configurations and investigates the load capacity and ductility of these connections using an experimental investigation. Six scaled-down RC exterior joints were tested under moderately monotonic loads. The results show that, the shape of the FRP had a different effect on the joint capacity and the connection ductility coefficient. The greatest effect on increasing the ductility factor was seen in the sample where two reinforcement plates were used on both sides of the beam web (RCS5 sample). For the sample with the presence of FRP plates at the top and bottom of the beam (RCS3 sample), the ductility factor was reduced even the load capacity of this sample increased. Except for the RCS3 sample, the rest of the samples exhibited an increase in the ductility factor due to the FRP reinforcement.

Key Words
CFRP plate; plastic hinge relocation; finite element; rehabilitation; strengthening

Address
(1) Qiang Xie:
School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410075, China;
(2) Qiang Xie:
Hunan City University, Yiyang, Hunan 413000, China;
(3) Hamid Sinaei:
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran;
(4) Mahdi Shariati:
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran;
(5) Majid Khorami:
Universidad UTE, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Calle Rumipamba s/n y Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador;
(6) Edy Tonnizam Mohamad:
Centre of Tropical Geoengineering (GEOTROPIK), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia;
(7) Dieu Tien Bui:
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam.

Abstract
Although numerous researchers demonstrated the significant difference in performance between the various beam-to-column connection types, most of the previous studies in the area of infilled steel frames focused on the behaviour of frames with welded connections. Therefore, there is a need for conducting studies on infilled steel frames with other common connection types (extended endplate with and without rib stiffeners, flush endplate and shear connections). In this paper, firstly, a two-dimensional finite-element model simulating the cyclic response of infilled steel frames was presented. The infill-frame interaction, as well as the interactions between connections' components, were properly modelled. Using the previously-validated model, a parametric study on infilled steel frames with five different beam-to-column connection types, under cyclic loading, was carried out. Several parameters, including infill material, fracture energy of masonry and infill thickness, were investigated. The results showed that the infilled frames with welded connections had the highest initial stiffness and load-carrying capacity. However, the infilled frames with extended endplate connections (without rib stiffeners) showed the greatest energy dissipation capacity and about 96% of the load-carrying capacity of frames with welded connections which indicates that this type of connection could have the best performance among the studied connection types. Finally, a simplified analytical model for estimating the stiffness and strength of infilled steel frames (with different beam-to-column connection types) subjected to lateral cyclic loading, was suggested.

Key Words
steel framed buildings; masonry infill; finite element modelling; end-plate connections; header plate connections; welded connections; hysteretic curve; cyclic load

Address
Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.


Abstract
Steel pallet racking industry has globally used from the industrial revolution and has deeply evolved from hot-rolled profile into cold-formed profile to raise the optimization in engineering field. Nowadays, some studies regarding cold-formed steel profile have been performed, but fewer studies in terms of cold-formed pallet racking specifically in connection due to the semi-rigid behavior by lug-hooked into the upright have been conducted. The objective of this study is to review the related literature on steel storage racking connection behavior.

Key Words
steel pallet racks; beam to column connection; cantilever testing; moment resistance; stiffness; ductility

Address
(1) Chulin Chen, Lei Shi:
School of Architecture and Art, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China;
(2) Mahdi Shariati:
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran;
(3) Ali Toghroli:
Department of Civil Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;
(4) Edy Tonnizam Mohamad:
Centre of Tropical Geoengineering (GEOTROPIK), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia;
(5) Dieu Tien Bui:
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam;
(6) Majid Khorami:
Universidad UTE, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Calle Rumipamba s/n y Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador.

Abstract
Beam-columns are structural members subjected to a combination of axial and bending forces. Lateral-torsional buckling is one of the main failure modes. Beam-columns that are bent about its strong axis may buckle out of the plane by deflecting laterally and twisting as the values of the applied loads reach a limiting state. Lateral-torsional buckling failure occurs suddenly in beam-column elements with a much greater in-plane bending stiffness than torsional or lateral bending stiffness. This study intends to establish a unique convenient closed-form equation that it can be used for calculating critical elastic lateral-torsional buckling load of beam-column in the presence of a known axial load. The presented equation includes first order bending distribution, the position of the loads acting transversely on the beam-column and mono-symmetry property of the section. Effects of axial loads, slenderness and load positions on lateral torsional buckling behavior of beam-columns are investigated. The proposed solutions are compared to finite element simulations where thin-walled shell elements including warping are used. Good agreement between the analytical and the numerical solutions is demonstrated. It is found out that the lateral-torsional buckling load of beam-columns with mono-symmetric sections can be determined by the presented equation and can be safely used in design procedures.

Key Words
lateral-torsional buckling; stability beam-column; mono-symmetric section

Address
(1) Tolga Yilmaz, Nevzat Kiraç:
Department of Civil Engineering, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey;
(2) Özgür Anil:
Department of Civil Engineering, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.

Abstract
In the current study, the influence of the initial lateral (sweep) shape and the cross-sectional twist imperfection on the lateral torsional buckling (LTB) response of doubly-symmetric steel I-beams was investigated. The material imperfection (residual stress) was not considered. For this objective, standard European IPN 300 beam with different unbraced span was numerically analyzed for three imperfection cases: (i) no sweep and no twist (perfect); (ii) three different shapes of global sweep (half-sine, full-sine and full-parabola between the end supports); and (iii) the combination of three different sweeps with initial sinusoidal twist along the beam. The first comparison was done between the results of numerical analyses (FEM) and both a theoretical solution and the code lateral torsional buckling formulations (EC3 and AISC-LRFD). These results with no imperfection effects were then separately compared with three different shapes of global sweep and the presence of initial twist in these sweep shapes. Besides, the effects of the shapes of initial global sweep and the inclusion of sinusoidal twist on the critical buckling load of the beams were investigated to unveil which parameter was considerably effective on LTB response. The most compatible outcomes for the perfect beams was obtained from the AISC-LRFD formulation; however, the EC-3 formulation estimated the Pcr load conservatively. The high difference from the EC-3 formulation was predicted to directly originate from the initial imperfection reduction factor and high safety factor in its formulation. Due to no consideration of geometric imperfection in the AISC-LFRD code solution and the theoretical formulation, the need to develop a practical imperfection reduction factor for AISC-LRFD and theoretical formulation was underlined. Initial imperfections were obtained to be more influential on the buckling load, as the unbraced length of a beam approached to the elastic limit unbraced length (Nr). Mode-compatible initial imperfection shapes should be taken into account in the design and analysis stages of the I-beam to properly estimate the geometric imperfection influence on the Pcr load. Sweep and sweep.twist imperfections led to 10% and 15% decrease in the Pcr load, respectively, thus; well-estimated sweep and twist imperfections should considered in the LTB of doubly-symmetric steel I-beams.

Key Words
lateral torsional buckling; initial geometric imperfection; doubly-symmetric steel I-beam; finite element model

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bartin University, 74100 Bartin, Turkey.



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