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CONTENTS
Volume 8, Number 3, June 2011
 


Abstract
The paper presents simulations of the Brazilian test using two numerical models. Both models are regularized in order to obtain results independent of discretization. The first one, called gradient damage, is refined by additional averaging equation which contains gradient terms and an internal length scale as localization limiter. In the second one, called viscoplastic consistency model, the yield function depends on the viscoplastic strain rate. In this model regularization properties are governed by the assumed strain rate. The two models are implemented in the FEAP finite element package and compared in this paper. Parameter studies of the split test are performed in order to point out the features of each model.

Key Words
Brazilian test; gradient damage; viscoplastic consistency; splitting; localization; concrete; FEM simulations.

Address
Adam Wosatko, Andrzej Winnicki and Jerzy Pamin: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland

Abstract
The main purpose of this study includes investigation of the rheological properties of fresh self consolidating cement paste containing chemical and mineral additives using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. In order to develop the model, 200 different mixes are cast in the laboratory as a part of an extensive experimental research program. The data used in the ANN model are arranged in a format of fourteen input parameters covering water-binder ratio, four different mineral additives (calcium carbonate, metakaolin, silica fume, and limestone), five different superplasticizers based on the poly carboxylate and naphthalene and four different Viscosity Modified Admixtures (VMAs). Two common output parameters including the mini slump value and flow cone time are chosen for measuring the rheological properties of fresh self consolidating cement paste. Having validated the model, the influence of effective parameters on the rheological properties of fresh self consolidating cement paste is investigated based on the ANN model outputs. The output results of the model are then compared with the results of previous studies performed by other researchers. Ultimately, the analysis of the model outputs determines the optimal percentage of additives which has a strong influence on the rheological properties of fresh self consolidating cement paste. The proposed ANN model shows that metakaolin and silica fume affect the rheological properties in the same manner. In addition, for providing the suitable rheological properties, the ANN model introduces the optimal percentage of metakaolin, silica fume, calcium carbonate and limestone as 15, 15, 20 and 20% by cement weight, respectively.

Key Words
self consolidating cement paste; rheological properties; ANN; additive; flow behavior.

Address
Alireza Mohebbi, Mohammad Shekarchi and Mehrdad Mahoutian:
Construction Materials Institute, University of Tehran, Iran
Shima Mohebbi: Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Tehran, Iran

Abstract
A long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) system comprising over 700 sensors of sixteen types has been implemented on the Guangzhou Television and Sightseeing Tower (GTST) of 610 m high for real-time monitoring of the structure at both construction and service stages. As part of this sophisticated SHM system, 48 temperature sensors have been deployed at 12 cross-sections of the reinforced concrete inner structure of the GTST to provide on-line monitoring via a wireless data transmission system. In this paper, the differential temperature profiles in the reinforced concrete inner structure of the GTST, which are mainly caused by solar radiation, are recognized from the monitoring data with the purpose of understanding the temperature-induced structural internal forces and deformations. After a careful examination of the pre-classified temperature measurement data obtained under sunny days and non-sunny days, common characteristic of the daily temperature variation is observed from the data acquired in sunny days. Making use of 60-day temperature measurement data obtained in sunny days, statistical patterns of the daily rising temperature and daily descending temperature are synthesized, and temperature distribution models of the reinforced concrete inner structure of the GTST are formulated using linear regression analysis. The developed monitoring-based temperature distribution models will serve as a reliable input for numerical prediction of the temperature-induced deformations and provide a robust basis to facilitate the design and construction of similar structures in consideration of thermal effects.

Key Words
structural health monitoring; supertall structure; reinforced concrete; temperature effect; temperature distribution model; least-squares regression analysis.

Address
Y.Q. Ni, P. Zhang, X.W. Ye, K.C. Lin and W.Y. Liao: Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Abstract
Nowadays, many engineers believe that hybrid structures with reinforced concrete central core walls and perimeter steel frames offer an economical method to develop the strength and stiffness required for seismic design. As a result, a variety of such structures have recently been applied in actual construction. However, the performance-based seismic design of such structures has not been investigated systematically. In the performance-based seismic design, quantifying the seismic damage of complete structures by damage indices is one of the fundamental issues. Four damage states and the final softening index at each state for high-rise hybrid structures are suggested firstly in this paper. Based on nonlinear dynamic analysis, the relation of the maximum inter-story drift, the main structural characteristics, and the final softening index is obtained. At the same time, the relation between the maximum inter-story drift and the maximum roof displacement over the height is also acquired. A double-variable index accounting for maximum deformation and cumulative energy is put forward based on the pushover analysis. Finally, a case study is conducted on a high-rise hybrid structure model tested on shaking table before to verify the suggested quantities of damage indices.

Key Words
high-rise hybrid structures; performance-based seismic design; global seismic damage assessment; final softening index; maximum inter-story drift; damage index with double variables.

Address
Xilin Lu, Zhihua Huang and Ying Zhou: State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China

Abstract
Three-dimensional graphic objects created by MATLAB are exported to the AUTOCAD program through the MATLAB handle functions. The imported SAT format files are used to produce the finite element mesh for MSC.PATRAN. Based on the Monte-Carlo random sample principle, the material heterogeneity of cement composites with randomly distributed fibers is described by the WEIBULL distribution function. In this paper, a concept called

Key Words
fiber-reinforced cement composites; stress-strain behavior; interfacial transition zone; finite element analysis (FEA); multi-scale modeling.

Address
Jun Huang: School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
Peiyan Huang: Department of Engineering Mechanics, College of Civil Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China

Abstract
This paper presented the model to predict the chloride diffusion coefficient in tension zone of plain concrete under flexural cyclic load. The fictitious crack based analytical model was used together with the stress degradation law in cracked zone to predict crack growth of plain concrete beams under flexural cyclic load. Then, under cyclic load, the chloride diffusion, in the steady state and one dimensional regime, through the tension zone of the plain concrete beam, in which microcracks were formed by a large number of cycles, was simulated with assumptions of continuously straight crack and uniform-size crack. The numerical analysis in terms of the chloride diffusion coefficient, Dtot, normalized Dtot, crack width and crack length was issued as a function of the load cycle, N, and load level, SR. The nonlinear model as regarding with the chloride diffusion coefficient in tension zone and the load level was proposed. According to this model, the chloride diffusion increases with increasing load level. The predictions using model fit well with experimental data when we adopted suitable crack density and tortuosity parameter.

Key Words
model; chloride diffusion coefficient; flexural cyclic load; crack growth.

Address
Tran Van Mien: Faculty of Civil Engineering, HoChiMinh City University of Technology, HCMC, Vietnam
Boonchai Stitmannaithum: Department of Civil Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, BKK, Thailand
Toyoharu Nawa: Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract
In this study, effect of steel fibers on toughness and some mechanical properties of concrete were investigated. Hooked-end steel fibers were used in concrete samples with three volume fractions (vf) of 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% and for two aspect ratios (l/d) of 45 and 65. Compressive and flexural tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete were determined for cylindrical, cubic and prismatic samples at the age of 7 and 28 days. The stress-strain curves of standard cylindrical specimens were studied to determine the effect of steel fibers on toughness of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). In addition, the relationship between compressive strength and the flexural tensile strength of SFRC were reported. Finally, a simple model was proposed to generate the stress-strain curves for SFRC based on strains corresponding to the peak compressive strength and 60% of peak compressive stress. The proposed model was shown to provide results in good correlation with the experimental results.

Key Words
fiber reinforcement, toughness, mechanical properties, compressive strength, flexural strength.

Address
Ismail H. Cagatay: University of Cukurova, Civil Engineering Department, Adana, Turkey
Riza Dincer: University of Cukurova, Vocational School of Adana, Adana, Turkey


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